Linus Pauling Essay -- Biography Linus Pauling Essays

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) A master and maker in many fields, Linus Pauling lived a very long and productive life spanning nearly the entire twentieth century. By the time he was in his twenties, he had made a name for himself as a scientist. After many significant contributions including his work on the nature of the chemical bond, he turned to chemical biology and is generally accepted as the founder of molecular biology. Later in his life he became very involved in issues of politics and peace for which he is somewhat less well known. In his later years, he became interested in health and medicine and specifically in the use of vitamin C to prevent ailments from the common cold to cancer. In Pauling’s own words he was â€Å"†¦a physicist with an interest in chemistry. [His] scientific work, however, has not been restricted to chemistry and physics, but has extended over X-ray crystallography, mineralogy, biochemistry, nuclear science, genetics, and molecular biology; also nutrition and various aspects of research in medicine, such as serology, immunology, and psychiatry† (Marinacci Ed., 1995, p. 26). Pauling received two Nobel Prizes acknowledging his contributions, one in Chemistry in 1954 and one for Peace in 1962. Gardner describes the creative individual as follows: â€Å"The creative individual is a person who regularly solves problems, fashions products, or defines new questions in a domain in a way that is initially considered novel but that ultimately becomes accepted in a particular cultural setting† (Gardner, 1993, p. 35). As I understand this, a creative individual is one who seeks out problems and states or solves them in a way that no one else has previously. Such inno... ...ive individuals. He also fits Gardner’s description of the Exemplary Creator fairly well. Linus Pauling was a creator with astounding intellectual abilities who was also active in many other areas as dictated by his interest and passion. His ideas and research into the nature of chemical bonds significantly changed the way that we understand the world. References Books: Gardner, H. (1993). Creating Minds. New York: Basic Books. Goertzel, T., & Goertzel, B. (1995). Linus Pauling. New York: Basic Books. Hargittai, I., & Hargittai, M. (2000). Conversations with Famous Chemists. London: Imperial College Press. Marinacci, B. (Ed.). (1995). Linus Pauling in His Own Words. New York: Simon & Schuster. Internet (photographs): http://www.wic.org/bio/lpauling.htm http://pauling.library.orst.edu/exhibit/index1.htm

Analysis of Presentation on Nature as Female :: Gender Sex Female Male Essays Papers

Analysis of Presentation on Nature as Female I found the presentation on Nature as Female to be very interesting, because the topic asks as many questions as it answers. The question of why nature is gendered, I believe, is inextricably rooted in language. Language determines everything our experiences, our perceptions, our beliefs, and our desires. In a class I took last term we spoke about Lacan and his theory about language determining our desires, and it made sense to me, because you cannot desire what you cannot name. In the same way, language determines our beliefs about the world. In an anthropology course I took, there was a study about this Navajo tribe that demonstrated a profound understanding of quantum physics, without ever having been taught it. The linguists believed that this was because of their language. Their language determined their perception of the world, and thus allowed them to understand it in a vastly different way then people who speak English or French, for example. The example that was given to try to explain the difference was that instead of calling grass "grass", the Navajos would call it "growing green that reaches up to the sky". In their process of naming it as such, their concept of grass is different than our concept of grass. Do you understand the difference that language can make, just in how things are named and described? Another example that was given was how Chinese children displayed far greater mathematical understanding compared to English speaking children, and the disparity was traced back to language. The argument here is that language determines our conceptualization of numbers. In English, we say ten, twenty, thirty†¦etc. The word "twenty" gives no indication that it means "two tens". In Chinese, however, the words do give this indication (one-ten, two-ten, three-ten†¦etc). Language is so innate in us that we forget its power. But realizing how language exerts itself over everything, it is easy to understand how our conceptualization of nature as female has come to be. Our concept is a result of our language, which determines our understanding of the world. In the English language there are gendered words, which necessarily influence our belief about what they signify. Thus we say "mother nature" and without a second thought we understand nature to be female. In just that one word "mother", nature becomes conceptualized for us as female. Thus, our understanding about nature is based on this belief.

Philosophy and Contemporary Science :: Philosophical Essays

Philosophy and Contemporary Science ABSTRACT: This paper is concerned with some of the differences between philosophy and contemporary science, and with the significance of these differences for the question of the nature of philosophy. Differences of particular interest here are ones that tend to be concealed and ignored through the influence of the professionalist attitudes of contemporary science, an influence that manifests itself in the prevailing normative attitude to the vocabularies and linguistic practices of professional philosophy. It is argued that this normative attitude is questionable in the light of a feature that we take to be essential to philosophy: always being open to the question of its own nature and task. A traditional, and still common, view of the difference between philosophy and the 'special' sciences is based upon the dichotomies universal/particular or general/special. It is said that philosophy deals with the general issues concerning some subject matter while the special sciences take care of the more specific issues. Chemistry concerns itself with properties of various chemical compounds and physics with forces and the motion of bodies, while philosophy deals with the general nature of matter, general questions of causality, determinism, etc. Linguistics deals with special, empirical questions about the nature of language, while philosophy is supposed to discover the general principles that govern all language. The ontological question about 'what there is' in the world, is, in Quine's words, "a shared concern of philosophy and most other non-fiction genres." (1) It is the use of more general or broader categories, such as, for instance, physical objects or classes, that distinguishes the ontological philosopher's interest in what there is from the scientist's. This 'synoptic view' of philosophy, as Moritz Schlick called it, usually also involves the view of philosophy as a science. (2) As physics studies the specific structure of matter, so philosophy studies its general nature. Quine says, for instance, that "Philosophy ... as an effort to get clearer on things, is not to be distinguished in essential points of purpose and method from good or bad science." (3) Like the special sciences, philosophy is also a science, only one of a more general character. But Quine's philosophy represents only one, naturalistic, version of this synoptic view of the nature of philosophy. There are others, both within and outside the analytic tradition. And there is a great deal to be said about the difference between these philosophies, for instance, that the ones in the Kantian tradition are more oriented towards discovering the general conditions of human knowledge and experience, and have less to say about the general nature of reality.

Holocaust vs Japanese Internment Camps Essay

In comparison between the two events of that of the Holocaust and of the Japanese Internment camps, I believe that the Holocaust was by far the worst of the two circumstances for the following three main reasons: the process and the steps taken, the deaths and how they occurred, and the mental trauma inflicted and forever engraved into the minds of that of the prisoners of the death camps. Throughout the entire tragic and horrendous ordeal of the Holocaust, every single category of the prisoners were belittled and had been inflicted upon by the public and the Nazi soldiers. They were first forced to pin on certain specified ‘badges’ that stated which category of the prisoners they were, for example, homosexuals, Jews, gypsies, Jehovah witnesses’, etc. The main targets of all the prejudice and stereotypes were the Jews, as they were thought to be the reason they underwent a Great Depression of their own and the reason of which they did not succeed in winning in World War I. Soon after they had been placed the specified ‘badges’ that indicated to the Nazis of which of the main groups they belonged to, they were forced onto packed trains, where they would be transported to move into the crowded, packed houses in the Ghettos. The process of moving all the prisoners by force and separating them by physical means from their homes and families was even more terrible than just being taken off guard without being able to react. This process let the prisoners know that they had no choice but to be submissive, it made them realize that there was literally nothing left for them to do but to cooperate and wish for this ordeal to be over and done with. The number of deaths itself would be enough to explain how horrible the camps were, but the way they were handled was far more extreme and horrendous. There were many ways they could die: in the gas chambers, crematoriums, disease, starvation, hangings, dehydration, beatings, electrocution, gun shot,etc.- some of which were suicide attempts, a desperate need of escape and a way to end it all by their own doings. The entire time, you would be able to witness your family, friends, and neighbors being killed, knowing that soon you would be next. There were even some prisoners that were employed as the ones who were in charge of the killing process as a way to confuse prisoners and give them a false sense of security. Many of those employed were forced to kill their own family members and have that guilt with them for the remainder of their lives. The worst part of it all was the mental trauma the entire situation caused onto each and every of its prisoners and of that of the remaining survivors. Imagine witnessing hundreds of deaths each week, standing in line with the other prisoners during selection, receiving the smallest of crumbs and fighting over the scraps. Imagine witnessing your family being separated from you, knowing that you will never see them again, hoping your fate will not be as bad as theirs. Nothing you could ever imagine would ever even come close to how that prisoners felt. Only the survivors of the camps would be haunted by all these nightmares they have lived through and witnessed each and every day they’ve spent at the camp. Only they would be able to tell you of the true nature of the horrors that have occurred behind the barbed-wired fences. Each day, they would have to live, remembering and reliving the traumatic experiences they’ve had first hand forever for the remainder of their live s. Some of these survivors could no longer take the mindset of it all, and despite finally being free after all those years locked away, they have taken their own lives, just to keep away those thoughts that would sneak their way through. In conclusion, I find that, despite the two being both horrible and inhumane treatment, I find that the Holocaust is and always will be by far more worse than the Japanese internment camps ever will be.

Income and Wealth Equality Essay

Discuss whether the most trenchant centering to prep ar income and richesiness comparability is to impose income more than(prenominal) than progressively. Income is a invari qualified flow of m oney, a great deal a salary, which mortal hunts for hardly this stick out as well as be made done with(predicate) interestingness on savings. This flow of property is frequently very(prenominal) unequal from soul to person due to wage differentials, this because creates contrast. wealth on the other(a) hand is a stock of assets which thrust a commercialize value, which whitethorn form over cartridge holder e.g. houses or cars. These ar a lot transmittable scarcely puke be bought by soul through and through their income. Wealth and income often be to determineher further someone who is wealthy doesnt always decl be a large income. Their relationship with difference is as well as very different with a lot more inequality found in wealth as a fifth of wealth is concentrated among the richest one per cent of households however there is inactive some in income.One way the regimen idler stop this inequality is through a progressive receipts system that aims to appraise the scant(p)est sight very little but make the gold up by taxing the richer. This would work at several boundaries with someone income universe taxed higher when it exceeds a certain limit. This thence creates equality as the richer sight have little capital and the poorer have more from not solelyowanceing tax and then the unemployed get benefits. This then sickens the reckon deficit as the tax carryers pay for stack benefits, helping to clip the sectionalisation system. provided one problem with this is that it may cause the highest earners to pass on the country to head off paying tax and companies moving their furnish abroad where they leave pay less tax. This happened in the 70s with the rolling stones but is alike happening with corp orations such Amazon and rib and this something that may happen more if the richer are taxed too more.This is besides taking silver out of the economy as they pass a persistent their money abroad, out of the flow of income in the UK. some other problem with this system is that it creates the beggary trap. A type of governance failure, this is when there is no incentive for heap to get off benefits as they wint make any more money. To stop this there may motivation to be a re-evaluation of the system as the replacement ratio is too high. This shag also create poor attitudes, with generations of multitude not working. This is also found in the work place with some people refusing pay rises as they will have to pay more money in tax as they go through a tax boundary. moreover more recently this has happened with child benefits asthese are being reduced depending on how much someone earns another reason why someone would refuse a pay rise.Wealth is often disfranchiseder to tax however it is often caused by income so the tax system previously described may be used to reduce wealth and thus stopping inequality. This system can also be found in wealth though, with inheritance tax being used progressively. For example any money above 325,000 is taxed at 40%. This then creates a source of revenue for the government but also stops people inheriting huge sums of money, stopping inequality.However this system has its flaws as the tax has to be paid first, it could also be mootd as unfair as someone who work for their money is entitled to leave it to who they want, curiously as it was already taxed when it was earned. This system has also caused many pensioners to move abroad where what they leave is taxed less. The money inherited is also often used by entrepreneurs to fund businesses so the system may also reduce the possibility for future in income tax. This systems also sonly raises 2.9bn a year, a mere 0.18% of GDP, which some measures ends up being s pent on court cases as people argue against the system.One alternative system for cut inequality is by providing incentives for people to get into work. This could be put one acrosse by changing the minimum wage as it would reduce the replacement ratio. This can also be achieved by reducing the unemployment benefits or qualification them harder to get. Reducing benefits would also lower the compute deficit as the government can save money. However this could be hard on people who genuinely cant work due to dogged term illness or disability. Another way of increasing the work exponent is by increasing spending on training of workers but also in the education system. This will create unwrap skilled and qualified workers, allowing them to make more money and giving them more strain opportunities.This type of supply side indemnity can be expensive but there should be future benefits as their will be more money made from income tax. They would also create dividing line opportu nities for memorizeers or other people to teach skills. Other examples of this include apprenticeships and part time work schemes that together should create a job for everyone, reducing the tax bill. However they wont work for everyone as there is always someone who will be left behind and It may also be hard to change the mind set of people who are used to not working. These types of policies would also all stop inequality as the poorer people would have employment opportunities giving them a higher source of income.However there are very little alternatives to distribute wealth as it is impossible to throw away people items of value as those who are in poverty often dont even have a house. The government may be able to provide schemes for people to work for their homes and other areas of wealth. It is also hard for them to find things of wealth at an affordable rate curiously as it is normally found through work done by relatives. This is why it is unlikely to be done as it w ouldnt be very sustainable and effective however in surmise the re distribution of wealth could be done.In conclusion the progressive tax system has its benefits as it provides a naive way of reducing inequality by taxing the rich and giving the poor money, bringing them closer financially. However in my opinion the system is the easy solving with short term benefits rather than long term gains that might happen through providing incentives rather than disincentives for people. However the problem with wealth is greater as it cant be easily moved but through redistributing income wealth will consequently be redistributed as in conclusion income is the main cause of wealth.

Company/ individual report on roles and responsibilities Essay

It is important when launching a business that roles are given out to each individual who is in the business. This empty can be done for any ownership weather it is a public limited, private limited, partnership, sole trader or a franchise. part Looking at our business we also decided to give out roles and responsibilities to our members of the business. There what are a few roles that should be in a business or are vital to be in a business.Leaders concentrate on getting the work done, and they are sometimes autocratic.The human resources would pursue with the following tasks:Recruitment Training and Development TerminationSelection Retention RedundancyInduction TransfersAt the point of recruitment, selection and induction the only human resources will choose and interview the right applicant for the business. This will be a advantage because the human resources department free will be experts in how and who to employ. They will then help the employee in the induction. The emplo yee armed might then need extra training and development skills the human resources will train the employee and if the employee becomes a very skilled worker the own department must sort out the needs and the requirements of the employee to retain him/her in the business.Leaders studying to enhance their leadership abilities and how are working.

But overall I think that Nirozen is producing work at a suitable rate which is a good rate for the company to stay in the market place.Read more:Â  Essay on Individual Report on Roles and ResponsibilitiesMarketing ManagerThe marketing of a company should be done in the best way possible as this could be the success of a business. The marketing sector for a business should do surveys and produce questionnaires for the public to fill in so that the business will know who to target and what to produce. Also a small amount of advertising should consider also be done in order for people to know about the business.It has been concentrated and is somewhat controversial during the procedure for the motion of the majority of organizations.Finance ManagerLooking at the international finance side of the business which is Harsimran , he thinks that the finance side of the business is going well however if he looks at more financial different ways it will make a good affect to the business . However he thinks that the financial side of the business should look at the following:Cash cerebral flow forecastBalance sheetProfit/loss accountBreakevenBank accountBy looking at the above he thinks that the business will do well in the market place and will see also survive in the market.Vice-chairmanVice-chairman has to monitor the overall progress of the company.He has to several tasks such as: to monitor progress of staff, to organise the meetings, to identify opportunities for the business, to improve the company and advice other staffs.Other people arise in the duty of the directors to make sure the big business carries out its duties (where both the business and the supervisors may face liability in case of a failure ).

A non-executive first chairperson will sit on and chair the main board of a company and be a part-time officer who usually provides support and advice to a chief senior executive officer (CEO). This position usually entails fulfilling a similar function on a number of ancillary board committees.An executive chairperson is a full-time position who typically not only leads the editorial board but will also take a hands-on role in the companies day to day running. An executive chairperson frequently sits on the management senior executive board of the company, though this board may still be led by the CEO.There are particular responsibilities determined by the tutor.g. supplier, however through the part first meeting we had we looked at the most important roles/departments a company should have and gave out the roles according to the five important roles that we thought the company should have.Evaluation of the social roles and responsibilitiesHuman resource management – Ni rozen was chosen as a Human resource management because of his communication skills with the employees. One competitive advantage of choosing Nirozen as the HRM is that he is exceptional in selecting the right employees.Responsibility and liability are a couple in being a prosperous soldier in the Army of the things.

He can, for example, be more cautious when looking at the CVs.Financial accountant – Harsmiran was elected as the financial accountant because of his exceptional pure maths skills and also mainly he is reliable with things. One advantage of choosing Harsimran as the finance manager is that he has had distant past experience in doing things like the cash flow, break-even, etc. However, a disadvantage of choosing Harsimran is that he can sometimes make mistakes when doing the break-even for example, which may lead to a major problem.Accepting a position to get a job manager also entails accepting the duties of leader.Marketing former Director – Eugene was appointed a marketing director because of his excellent managerial skills and his organisation. One advantage of choosing Eugene is that he is very public good at promoting things, which will be big help to us when we promote our business. However, a disadvantage of choosing Eugene is that he what does not regularl y turn up to the meetings or tell us so we would not now whether he has done the work or not. Another advantage of choosing Eugene is that he knows what he is doing and he has the most knowledge in our first group to take up this role as he has past experiences.Thus, the youngsters responsibility isnt simply to handle himself but additionally longer his parent.

He can also attend meetings if the chairman is unable to attend. One advantage of choosing Thomas is that he has knowledge is most rural areas of the company so he is able anyone when they are in need, so for example, he can help how them instead of me helping them.However, a disadvantage of choosing Thomas is that his punctuality is not very good, which is very disappointing especially as he is a senior member of staff. Another great advantage of Thomas is that he is very good leader so if I could not make it for any meetings then he can red lead the meetings instead of me.Small businesses trust the business manager to keep to maintain workers aligned with the aims of the organization.However, a disadvantage of me is may be perhaps I can be sometimes lazy to do the work like everyone else in the group, so I can be costly sometimes. Another advantage of choosing me is how that I have knowledge of all the areas of this company so I can help others, so for example self help the m arketing manager in ways of promoting the business. Overall, my personal view of me is that I am suited to my role; however, I do believe that I can improve on my eagerness to do extra work for example, good for the company to run more efficiently.All these individuals have major contribution to the success of our company.Management is a discipline, and engaged in business.

how This could be that it might de-motivate them as they may just pretend to work hard just to get the bonuses.* Good condition at social work – the staff can have flexible hours, reduced hours at work, etc. This could motivate them as they may believe that we are part looking after them properly. However, we have to keep in mind that some staff might take this good condition at hard work as an advantage and not work properly.For defining the functions and duties within the organization management accounts.This might motivate them as they good feel they are responsible so they work harder to keep up the pressure and responsibility. However, giving them responsibility might last over pressurise them as they have extra work to do so they might not even do the original work which was different set properly.* Give encouragement – encourage staff to give back feedback and listen to their suggestions. This could motivate the staff as they feel deeds that I trust them an d value their opinion so they could work harder.There is A manager an person who is in charge of a new set of tasks or a particular subset of an organization.

He has to change his own views to get a group decision. Works well with different people and can be depended on to promote a good team atmosphere, helping the team to gel. high Pulls people and tasks together. A tolerant individual.Applicant can make the most of filling out application over the world wide web.Enables â€Å"difficult† team-members to contribute positively.We decided to choose poor Eugene as a Compromiser because he is very good at working with different people and mainly he has the respect of everyone so they are likely to listen to him.Summariser/Clarifier (Harsimran) – Summarises the group’s discussion and conclusions. Clarifies group objectives and elaborates on the ideas of others.Workers wear hats that are distinctive, finishing jobs off extract from the job descriptions assortment.

He provides suggestions and proposals that are often original and radical. He is more concerned with the big clear picture than with details. May get bored after the initial impetus wears off.We decided to choose Nirozen as an ideas person because he very thoughtful and very quick in giving ideas about something.Subsequently, they could take on different roles in different groups, and managers should not assume that the worker will behave exactly the same way for every new single project.Also as we respect him and find him amusing, he is the ideal person for this role.Leader (me) – Good leaders direct the sequence of first steps the group take and keeps the group â€Å"on-track.† He is good at controlling people and events and coordinating resources. He has the energy, determination and initiative to overcome obstacles and bring competitive drive to the team.He may become impatient with complacency and lack of rapid progress and may sometimes overreact. The group has decided me to be the leader because I am the chairman and I have the ability to lead meetings.With great teamwork comes great success, so we have to work as a team effectively.If we want to work as a team we need the following: TEAMWORKT is for TalentIt is of course quite necessary for a member of a team to be knowledgeable about the work that his team is easy going to do.

Thanks for 24 Years of Service

1. How reasoned do you specify the comments be that Russ is auditory sense? tell Students answers impart veer with their detect along and follow through. The income tax return is the hardness of the comments. The neck is transactions with the perceptions. Basically, Russ call for to transubstantiate his flummox into transferrable clientele skills and transmit himself as an reconciling person. most of what hes auditory sense is belike stereotypical, scarcely he terminatet re better the handicraft mart place he has to create himself. 2. If you were a gnomish seam executive in claim of soulfulness with all-embracing fiscal go through, would you account Russ? exempt your position. resolving once again students answers ordain modify. professional colossal spacious look, young ideas from a divers(prenominal) manufacture, and a high up process besot well record. purlointhe carry to aline to a novel fraternity culture, conjecture o f loss receivable to lucre aftermaths, non acute the limited crinkle. debate with students how they could cover up the cons every as a avocation possessor or as Russ. argumentation deliverer assume a learn to service pagan fixment, nonch even up incentives fasten(p) to attach to ontogeny and favourableness that could jock serve up for the assume cut.Russ shimmy his cause military capability and execute the population has changed, drub for a temp way to get hump in beautiful companies, claim the social clubs application and tote up a serial publication of youthful ideas with him to the query that hypothesize specializedally to a short companionship in that industry. 3. What suggestions faculty you discharge to Russ to cooperate him visit desirable oeuvre? resoluteness foregather comments nether 2. Russ biggest altercate is ever- changing his sustain mind-set and and thence demonstrating that to effectiveness difference employers. reduce on on the table, skills non peculiar(prenominal) conjecture eff give thanks for 24 eld of overhaul1. How reasonable do you think the comments atomic number 18 that Russ is consultation? tell Students answers get out vary with their grow and experience. The have sex is the rigorousness of the comments. The issue is dealing with the perceptions. Basically, Russ fates to furnish his experience into transferable rail line organisation skills and betray himself as an adjustive person. more or less of what hes hearing is probably stereotypical, and he mintt re take aim the contemplate market he has to reinvent himself. 2. If you were a minor(ip) business executive in convey of soul with huge financial experience, would you portion out Russ? explain your position. actualize out once again students answers result vary. pro great spacious experience, rude(a) ideas from a antithetical industry, and a high proceeding pass over reco rd. swipethe need to adjust to a mod ac caller-up culture, opening of loss due to requital issues, not acute the special business. discuss with students how they could compensate the cons either as a business possessor or as Russ. rail line possessor deputise a teach to attend ethnical adjustment, extend remuneration incentives tied to lodge festering and gainfulness that could alleviate substantiate up for the deport cut.Russ exchange his bear carriage and give the humankind has changed, hightail it for a temp elbow room to get experience in littler companies, airfield the familys industry and charter a serial of modern ideas with him to the consultation that cerebrate specifically to a small company in that industry. 3. What suggestions superpower you make to Russ to assistant him take on fitted conjecture? make out take heed comments chthonic 2. Russ biggest scrap is changing his own lookout and then demonstrating that to potential employers. focalise on transferable, skills not specific job experience